A portable ultrafine electronic endoscope system based on the STM32F407IGT6 microcontroller has been developed to address the growing demand for high-quality imaging in narrow, confined spaces within the medical field. The system utilizes the OV6946 camera module for image acquisition, and the analog signals are converted to digital form through the OV426 bridge chip. Image data is then transmitted to the host computer via the USB interface. The host computer leverages the LabVIEW platform, integrating advanced image processing techniques, including vertical stripe noise filtering, RAW color restoration, and an improved contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) algorithm, to enhance image quality significantly. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the denoising and image enhancement processes. After denoising, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the processed image reached 37.65 dB, with a structural similarity (SSIM) of 0.970 8, indicating minimal information loss and high structural integrity. Additionally, the image’s local contrast was improved from 3.32 to 13.16, and the average gradient increased from 7.08 to 28.05, which highlights a substantial enhancement in contrast and sharpness, particularly in the vascular regions. The system achieved a real-time processing frame rate of 30 frames per second, with a processing delay of 33 ms, satisfying the stringent requirements for high real-time performance and high-quality imaging in medical diagnostics. In terms of hardware design, the system’s compact size and reduced weight represent a significant improvement compared to traditional endoscopy systems, enhancing both portability and operational flexibility. The experimental results indicate that this system excels in terms of imaging quality, real-time performance, and portability. It offers promising potential to assist clinical diagnoses, improving the accuracy and efficiency of medical procedures. Moreover, the system shows broad applicability in clinical settings, particularly for endoscopic examinations in confined spaces such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.