The temperature control system of high and low temperature test chamber has nonlinear and time-delay. The traditional PID control has high overshoot and long adjustment time, but the effect of fuzzy PID control is affected by the formulation of quantization factor and scale factor. In order to improve the response speed and stability of the temperature control system of the test chamber, a method of temperature control of the high and low temperature test chamber based on DBO algorithm was proposed to optimize the fuzzy PID quantization factor and scale factor. Firstly, the transfer function of the heating model of the high and low temperature test chamber was established, and the traditional PID, fuzzy PID, PSO optimized fuzzy PID and DBO optimized fuzzy PID models were built in MATLAB/Simulink for simulation. In addition, the PLC, touch screen and temperature control box were used to build experimental devices to carry out actual temperature control experiments. The simulation results show that the overshoot of DBO optimized fuzzy PID is reduced by 1.02% and the adjustment time is reduced by 106 s compared with that of PSO optimized fuzzy PID. The experimental results show that the overshoot of the fuzzy PID optimized by DBO is reduced by 1.1% and the adjustment time is reduced by 120 s compared with that of the fuzzy PID optimized by PSO, which verifies that the DBO algorithm has a better effect than PSO in optimizing the quantization factor and scale factor of fuzzy PID. The temperature control effect of the optimal quantization factor and scale factor optimized by DBO at different temperatures is tested, which indicates the feasibility of optimizing the fuzzy PID control scheme by DBO algorithm.