In the aerospace camera development process, in order to test and evaluate the imaging performance of its complete system, a set of test system for the imaging performance of aerospace cameras based on Gigabit Ethernet has been developed aiming at the characteristics of high resolution, high quantization digits and high frame rate. In the test system, FPGA is used to complete the Gigabit Ethernet protocol to achieve the high-speed transmission of image data, the image is displayed in real time by the host computer. Then image processing and calculation are performed, after theoretical analysis of the modulation transfer function, it is determined that the contrast method is used to calculate the modulation transfer function of the camera (MTF). The experiments have verified the feasibility of real-time display of image data and the correctness of image data transmission, at the same time, the MTF values of test images with different resolutions of 2 048× 2 049, 2 564× 2 162, and 2 045× 256 were obtained by using three different models of cameras, the standard deviations of the three sets of data were obtained and compared with traditional manual test methods. The experiment shows that the test device greatly improves the test efficiency and test accuracy, it realizes the real-time evaluation of the overall system imaging performance.