| 刘连胜,董承龙,张海君,马鑫,孙皓,彭宇.PCIe 2.0协议实时解析设计方法及FPGA实现[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2026,40(6):138-149 |
| PCIe 2.0协议实时解析设计方法及FPGA实现 |
| Design and FPGA implementation of a real-time PCIe 2.0 protocol parser |
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| DOI： |
| 中文关键词: PCIe 2.0协议解析 FPGA硬件加速 实时处理 低延迟 |
| 英文关键词:PCIe 2.0 protocol parsing FPGA hardware acceleration real-time processing low latency |
| 基金项目:黑龙江省重点研发计划（2023ZX01A13）项目资助 |
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| Author | Institution |
| Liu Liansheng | School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China |
| Dong Chenglong | School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China |
| Zhang Haijun | School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China |
| Ma Xin | 1.School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China;
2.RIGOL Technologies Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China |
| Sun Hao | School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China |
| Peng Yu | School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China |
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| 摘要点击次数: 49 |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 电子测量仪器对高速互连总线的实时协议解析存在重要需求，需在千兆赫兹级信号捕获中具备高速处理能力，并在协议分析中实现从物理层至事务层的全协议可见性，以支持纳秒级抖动的高精度诊断。但是，传统基于CPU的软件方案受操作系统调度延迟及缓存抖动等因素制约，难以实现低延迟处理；商用协议分析仪成本高昂缺乏嵌入式灵活性。针对上述问题，基于现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）硬件并行性与实时性优势，结合PCIe 2.0协议在测量系统中的重要性，提出一种全栈实时解析架构，以突破传统软件方案吞吐量瓶颈并避免高成本，在解扰部分提出了超前预测流水线设计实现高效解扰。该系统通过数据预处理、并行解码、超前预测流水线解扰及状态机解析，实现从物理层到事务层全协议覆盖。具体而言，128 bit并行预处理完成符号对齐与数据降采样，80 bit完成8 b/10 b并行解码与超前预测流水线解扰，3类专用状态机解析器负责协议字段提取与CRC校验。在Kintex UltraScale系列FPGA平台实验表明，系统在312.5 MHz工作频率下稳定运行，支持5 GT/s线速数据的实时解析；从输入数据到检测结果的处理延迟为22个时钟周期（约70 ns）；CRC校验匹配率100%，资源占用仅1.39%LUT与0.24%FF。结果证明，所提架构在延迟、资源开销和功能完整性方面均满足实际应用需求。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Electronic measurement instruments have a critical demand for real-time protocol analysis of high-speed interconnect buses. They require high-speed processing capabilities for gigahertz-level signal acquisition and full protocol visibility from the physical layer to the transaction layer in protocol analysis to support high-precision diagnostics with nanosecond-level jitter. However, traditional CPU-based software solutions are constrained by operating system scheduling latency and cache jitter, making low-latency processing challenging. Commercial protocol analyzers are costly and lack embedded flexibility. To address these issues, this article leverages the hardware parallelism and real-time advantages of FPGAs, considering the importance of the PCIe 2.0 protocol in measurement systems, and proposes a full-stack real-time analysis architecture. This architecture aims to break the throughput bottleneck of traditional software solutions while avoiding high costs. In the descrambling part, an advanced prediction pipeline design is proposed to achieve efficient descrambling. The system achieves full protocol coverage from the physical layer to the transaction layer through data preprocessing, parallel decoding, advanced prediction pipeline descrambling, and state machine parsing. Specifically, 128-bit parallel preprocessing accomplishes symbol alignment and data down-sampling, 80-bit processing completes 8b/10b parallel decoding and advanced prediction pipeline descrambling, and three types of dedicated state machine parsers are responsible for protocol field extraction and CRC verification. Experimental results on the Kintex UltraScale series FPGA platform show that the system operates stably at 312.5 MHz, supporting real-time analysis of 5 GT/s line-rate data. The processing latency from input data to detection results is 22 clock cycles (approximately 70 ns). The CRC verification achieves a 100% match rate, with resource utilization of only 1.39% LUTs and 0.24% FFs. The results demonstrate that the proposed architecture meets practical application requirements in terms of latency, resource overhead, and functional completeness. |
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